Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Review

Basic Research
Mitochondrial TFAM as a Signaling Regulator between Cellular Organelles: A Perspective on Metabolic Diseases: Jin-Ho Koh, Yong-Woon Kim, Dae-Yun Seo, Tae-Seo Sohn; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(6):853-865. Published online November 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0138

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Tissues actively involved in energy metabolism are more likely to face metabolic challenges from bioenergetic substrates and are susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to metabolic diseases. The mitochondria receive signals regarding the metabolic states in cells and transmit them to the nucleus or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using calcium (Ca²⁺) for appropriate responses. Overflux of Ca²⁺ in the mitochondria or dysregulation of the signaling to the nucleus and ER could increase the incidence of metabolic diseases including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) may regulate Ca²⁺ flux via changing the mitochondrial membrane potential and signals to other organelles such as the nucleus and ER. Since Tfam is involved in metabolic function in the mitochondria, here, we discuss the contribution of Tfam in coordinating mitochondria-ER activities for Ca²⁺ flux and describe the mechanisms by which Tfam affects mitochondrial Ca²⁺ flux in response to metabolic challenges.

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Original Article

Angiotensin II Inhibits Insulin Binding to Endothelial Cells: Su-Jin Oh, Won-Chul Ha, Jee-In Lee, Tae-Seo Sohn, Ji-Hyun Kim, Jung-Min Lee, Sang-Ah Chang, Oak-Kee Hong, Hyun-Shik Son; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(3):243-247. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.3.243

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

Insulin-mediated glucose uptake in insulin target tissues is correlated with interstitial insulin concentration, rather than plasma insulin concentration. Therefore, insulin delivery to the interstitium of target tissues is very important, and the endothelium may also play an important role in the development of insulin resistance.

Methods

After treating bovine aortic endothelial cells with angiotensin II (ATII), we observed the changes in insulin binding capacity and the amounts of insulin receptor (IR) on the cell membranes and in the cytosol.

Results

After treatment of 10^-7M ATII, insulin binding was decreased progressively, up to 60% at 60 minutes (P<0.05). ATII receptor blocker (eprosartan) dose dependently improved the insulin binding capacity which was reduced by ATII (P<0.05). At 200 µM, eprosartan fully restored insulin binding capacity, althogh it resulted in only a 20% to 30% restoration at the therapeutic concentration. ATII did not affect the total amount of IR, but it did reduce the amount of IR on the plasma membrane and increased that in the cytosol.

Conclusion

ATII decreased the insulin binding capacity of the tested cells. ATII did not affect the total amount of IR but did decrease the amount of IR on the plasma membrane. Our data indicate that ATII decreases insulin binding by translocating IR from the plasma membrane to the cytosol. The binding of insulin to IR is important for insulin-induced vasodilation and transendothelial insulin transport. Therefore, ATII may cause insulin resistance through this endothelium-based mechanism.

Citations

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Acute, local infusion of angiotensin II impairs microvascular and metabolic insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle
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Angiotensin II type 2 receptor inhibits expression and function of insulin receptor in rat renal proximal tubule cells
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Juan M. Saavedra
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Mohamed A. Morsy, Gehan H. Heeba, Magda E. Mahmoud
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Metabolic actions of angiotensin II and insulin: A microvascular endothelial balancing act
Ranganath Muniyappa, Sahzene Yavuz
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.2013; 378(1-2): 59. CrossRef

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